Bibliography

Primary Sources

"All Members of Committee on Huai River Flood Control Attend Bengbu City Demonstration." The Huai River Flood Control Weekly. November 9, 1956.

Central Committee. "Directive Approving the 'Public Security Work Plan for 1955' by the Ministry of Public Security. February 19, 1955. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Central Committee. "Directive on Carrying Out Organization Rectification Among Elementary and Middle School Teachers and Staff Members. Laogai Research Foundation Database. April, 1955.

Central Committee. "Directive on Correcting the Right-Deviation Tendency in the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries." Laogai Research Foundation Database. October 10, 1950.

Central Committee. "Directive on Suppressing Counterrevolutionary Activities." March 18, 1950. In Selected Major Documents Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Beijing: Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Literature Research Center Press: 1993.  

Central Committee. "Directive on Thoroughly Purging Hidden Counterrevolutionaries." Laogai Research Foundation Database. August 25, 1955.

Central Committee. "Directive Stating that the Entire Party Must Further Heighten Vigilance and Intensify the Struggle Against Counterrevolutionaries and Other Criminals. Laogai Research Foundation Database. May, 1955.

Central Committee. "Outline of the Plan for Arresting Counterrevolutionaries and Other Types of Criminals Throughout the Country from 1955 to 1958. Laogai Research Foundation Database. August 13, 1955.

Central Committee. "Specific Plan for Arresting Counterrevolutionaries and Other Types of Criminals Throughout the Country in 1955. Laogai Research Foundation Database. August 13, 1955.

"Committee on Huai River Flood Control Salutes All Laborers and Cadres." The Huai River Flood Control Express. January 1, 1951.

"Conversation Between Beikun Wang and Lionel Rauth, Math Teacher at Episcopal High School." Compiled by Beikun Wang. Alexandria, VA. May 25, 2022.

"Conversation Between Ying Ming and Ying Xiongqing." Compiled and translated by Beikun Wang. Fanchang, Anhui. July 15, 2020.

Deng, Xiaoping. "Upholding the Four Basic Principles." In Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping. Beijing: People's Press, 1979.

"Document to the Bengbu Bureau of Food Supply." Letter from Huai River Flood Control authorities to the Bengbu Bureau of Food Supply. Date unclear, ~1950-1955.

"50,000-Plus Laborers to Begin Construction on Dam." Huai River Flood Control Journal. March 13, 1951.

Gao, Ertai. In Search my Homeland: A Memoir of a Chinese Labor Camp. Beijing: Beijing Literature and Art Publishing House, 2011.

Government Administrative Council. "Directive by the Central People's Government Administrative Council and the Supreme People's Court on Suppressing Counterrevolutionary Activities." Laogai Research Foundation Database. July 23, 1950.

Government Administrative Council. "Laogai Regulations in the People's Republic of China." Laogai Research Foundation Database. August 26, 1954.

Government Administrative Council. "Order by the Government Administrative Council on Controlling U.S. Properties and Freezing U.S. Bank Accounts in China." Laogai Research Foundation Database. December 28, 1950. 

Government Administrative Council. "Organization Rules of the People's Court." Laogai Research Foundation Database. July 14, 1950.

"Increasing Construction Site Public Security Presence to Prevent Destructive Activities of Counterrevolutionary Agents." Huai River Flood Control Journal. December 1950.

"Interview Between Beikun Wang and Ying Ming." Compiled and translated by Beikun Wang. Shenzhen, Guangdong. March 18, 2021.

Lenin, Vladimir. "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky." In Complete Works of Lenin. Beijing: People's Press, 1965.

Lui, Shaoqi. "Letter to the Northwest Bureau About Issues Related to Convening a Campaign Against the Yiguandao." Laogai Research Foundation Database. October 19, 1950.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Explanation on the Draft of the Bill on Laogai." People's Daily. September 7, 1954.

Luo, Ruiqing. "On Public Security Achievements in the Past Year and Future Tasks Hereafter." January 1, 1951. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Summary Speech at the National Conference of Heads of Public Security Departments and Bureaus." June 13, 1955. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Report at the Second National Conference on Public Security." October 16, 1950. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Report on Suppressing the Sabotage by Counterrevolutionaries During the Past Year. December 29, 1950. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Report to the Government Administrative Council Concerning the Second National Conference on Laogai Work of Criminals. Laogai Research Foundation Database. August, 1954.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Report on Work on Suppressing Counterrevolutionaries and Land Reform in Southern Jiangsu Province." Laogai Research Foundation Database. March 18, 1950. 

Luo, Ruiqing. "Summary Report at the Second National Conference on Public Security. October 19, 1950. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

Luo, Ruiqing. "Summary Speech at the National Conference of Heads of Public Security Departments and Bureaus." June 15, 1955. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

"The Lost Life of a Historical Counter-Revolutionary and the Broken Family He Left Behind: Interview between Ming Ying & Lanqing Ying." Compiled and Translated by Beikun Wang. Shanghai. August 7, 2021.

Mao, Zedong. "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People." In Selected Works of Mao Zedong. Beijing: People's Press, 1957. 

Mao, Zedong. "Telegram Concerning the Sentencing of Counterrevolutionary Elements." Laogai Research Foundation Database. January 22, 1951.

Mao, Zedong. "The Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries Must Be Carried Out Surely, Accurately, and Relentlessly. Laogai Research Foundation Database. December, 1950.

Mao, Zedong. "Written Comments and Telegram in Response to the Beijing Municipal Party Committee Report Concerning the Suppression of Counterrevolutionary Activities. Laogai Research Foundation Database. November 22, 1950.

Mao, Zedong. "Written Comments and Telegram in Response to the Southwest Bureau Report Concerning the Suppression of Counterrevolutionary Activities. Laogai Research Foundation Database. November 15, 1950.

Mao Zedong. "Written Comments on the Central-South Bureau Second Instructions on the Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries." Laogai Research Foundation Database. December 30, 1950.

Ministries of Justice and Public Security. "Directive by the Ministries of Justice and Public Security on Assigning Prisons, Detention Centers, and Laogai Units Within the Jurisdiction of Public Security Organs. November 30, 1950. In Selected Reference Documents Concerning Laogai Laws. Beijing: Ministry of Justice, 1987.

Ministry of Public Security. "Circular by the Ministry of Public Security Regarding the Naming of Various Laogai Production Units, Prisons, Detention Centers, and Juvenile Reformatories." Laogai Research Foundation Database. October 8, 1954.

Ministry of Public Security. "Directive Approving Documents Produced by the Symposium on Production Planning Statistics for Laogai Facilities." November 2, 1954. In Selected Reference Documents Concerning Laogai Laws. Beijing: Ministry of Justice, 1987.

Ministry of Public Security. "Directive on Issuing the Report on the 1954 Meeting Concerning Agricultural and Industrial Production by Laogai Facilities. January 19, 1955. In Selected Reference Documents Concerning Laogai Laws. Beijing: Ministry of Justice, 1987.

Ministry of Public Security. "Report for the Central Committee on the National Administrative Conference on Public Order and Security." Laogai Research Foundation Database. September 13, 1950. Various Laogai Production Units, Prisons, Detention Centers, and Juvenile Reformatories." Laogai Research Foundation Database. February 17, 1955.

Ministry of Public Security. "Supplement to the Circular by the Ministry of Public Security Regarding the Naming of 

"Ministry of Water Resources Holds National Flood Mitigation Conference, Providing Important Comments on This Year's Flood Control Issues." The Huai River Flood Control Weekly. April 15, 1955.

Peng, Zhen. "Report About the Excessive Leniency Toward Counterrevolutionaries in Many Regions." Laogai Research Foundation Database. May 8, 1950.

Peng, Zhen. "Speech at the Second National Conference on Public Security." October 21, 1950. In Public Security Conference Documents, October 1949-September 1957. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security, 1958.

People's Public Security Academy. "Teaching Materials of the Pre-Trial Work of the People's Public Security Apparatus Concerning Counterrevolutionary Cases." Laogai Research Foundation Database. August 12, 1954.

"Places Nationwide Support Spring Season Huai River Flood Control Construction." The Huai River Flood Control Weekly. April 15, 1955.

"Recording at the Pudong New District Archive." Recorded by Beikun Wang. Shanghai. August 5, 2021.

"Recording at the Shanghai Municipal Archive." Recorded by Beikun Wang. Shanghai. August 5, 2021.

"Reflection: One Person, One Cosmos: Conversation between Wang Beikun and Ying Ming." Compiled and translated by Beikun Wang. Shenzhen, Guangdong. August 12-20, 2021.

The Study of Laogai. Publication information currently unaccessible, circa 1980.

Wang, Beikun. "Re: Great Job [Clapping Hands Emoji]: Response to Julie Xiaofen Wang, Chinese Teacher at Episcopal High School." E-mail message. August 3, 2022.

"The Winter of Nanwan." The Huai River Flood Control Weekly. January 7, 1955.

Wu, Harry, and Carolyn Wakeman. Bitter Winds: A Memoir of my Years in China's Gulag. Washington, D.C.: The Laogai Research Foundation, 2014.

Ying, Xiongqing. "Diary Entry, August 20, 1969."

Ying, Xiongqing. "Diary Entry, October 14, 1969."

Ying, Xiongqing. "Diary Entry, October 28, 1969."

Secondary Sources

Collection of Public Security Regulations of the People's Republic of China, 1950-1979. Beijing: Legal Press, 1980.

Kempton, Nicole, Nan Richardson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Harry Wu. Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China. New York: Umbrage, 2009.

Laogai Handbook, 2007-2008. Washington, D.C.: The Laogai Research Foundation, 2008.

Wu, Harry. "China's Gulag: Suppressing Dissent through the Laogai." Harvard International Review 20, no. 1 (1997): 20–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42763676. 

Wu, Harry. Laogai: The Chinese Gulag. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.