Bibliography

Primary Sources

"Asia for Educators." In Interview at Tiananmen Square with Chai Ling. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_chailing.htm.

Boghani, Priyanka. "Kong Qingdong, Chinese professor, sparks outrage in Hong Kong." The World, January 24, 2012. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://theworld.org/stories/2012-01-24/kong-qingdong-chinese-professor-sparks-outrage-hong-kong.

Bradsher, Keith. "Pro-Democracy Protesters March in Hong Kong." The New York Times, December 4, 2005. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/international/asia/prodemocracy-protesters-march-in-hong-kong.html.

Chai, Ling. The May 13 Hunger Strike Declaration, May 13, 1989. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/tiananmen_hunger_strike.pdf.

Cunningham, Phillips. Tiananmen 1989 Student Leader: "We are hoping for bloodshed." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbEpfOPPay8.

Democracy Wall Movement. Photograph. Economist. https://www.economist.com/analects/2013/11/11/walling-up-democracy.

Fountain of True Light Middle School of Hong Kong. Photograph. https://tlmshk.edu.hk/news/2526/.

Henriette, Catherine. Chinese protesters rally in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in late May 1989. Photograph. June 2, 2014. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and.

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Ungoverning China: Crushing of Protest Weakens Ability of Any Successor Leadership to Rule." The New York Times, June 5, 1989. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_tiananmen_newspapers.htm.

Lam, Kevin. "Thousands protest after proposed changes to Hong Kong's extradition law." ABC News, April 30, 2019. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://abcnews.go.com/International/thousands-protest-china-proposes-extradition-law-hong-kong/story?id=62701293.

Liang Qichao taken during his time in Japan. Photograph. Prabook. https://prabook.com/web/qichao.liang/724058.

Liu, Jian. Protesters wave flags on Beijing's Tiananmen Square in the weeks leading up to the violent crackdowns on June 4. Photograph. NPR. May 31, 2019. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2019/05/31/727846940/30-years-after-tiananmen-protests-the-fight-is-still-going-on-for-china.

Niem, Christopher, prod. Inside Hong Kong's Fight for Freedom.

Peking University Health and Science Center. Photograph. MBBS FROM CHINA. https://mbbsfromchina.in/peking-university-health-science-center/.

Photo of Sun yat-sen (1900 Aug). Photograph. Business Weekly Taiwan. November 6, 2015. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/careers/blog/14508.

Protesters Being Tear Gassed by Police in Sai Wan Ho. Photograph. https://coconuts.co/hongkong/news/protesters-demand-answers-from-mtr-over-police-tear-gassing-at-kwai-fong-station/.

Protestors Being Tear Gassed in Mong Kok. Photograph. SCMP. https://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/3038222/tear-gas-hong-kong-making-polluted-city-take-toxic-turn.

Protestors being Tear Gassed in Sham Shui Po. Photograph. ANI NEWS. https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/hong-kong-protest-police-fire-tear-gas-at-protestors-in-sham-shui-po-district20190811174232/.

Protestors Being Tear Gassed in Wong Tai Sin. Photograph. SCMP. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3021387/night-quiet-working-class-neighbourhood-hong-kong-became.

Protestors Gathered at Tamar Park in 2019. Photograph. https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/3/133977/Tamar-Park-rally-presses-protester-demands.

Protestors outside of Tiananmen Square in 1989. Photograph. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48445934.

Salisbury, Harrison E. Tiananmen Diary – Thirteen Days in June.

Tear Gas Data. Illustration. https://www.mpweekly.com/culture/cu0001/%e5%82%ac%e6%b7%9a%e7%85%99-%e9%98%b2%e6%9a%b4%e8%ad%a6%e5%af%9f-%e5%8f%8d%e9%80%81%e4%b8%ad-132483.

Thomas, Antony, dir. The Tank Man.

The Umbrella Revoluion, 2014. Photograph. Document. August 8, 2019. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/08/the-diy-resistance-of-hong-kongs-protesters/.

Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles, March 30, 1979. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1979/115.htm.

Wei, Jingsheng. The Fifth Demonstration, 1979. https://weijingsheng.org/doc/en/THE%20FIFTH%20MODERNIZATION.html.

Secondary Sources

Barron, Laignee. "How the Tiananmen Square Massacre Changed China Forever." Time (Hong Kong), June 4, 2019. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://time.com/5600363/china-tiananmen-30-years-later/.

BBC News. "Tiananmen Square: What happened in the protests of 1989?" December 23, 2021. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48445934.

Before and After the May Fourth Movement, 1916. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_mayfourth.htm.

Cadogan, Chris. "Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement: The Battle May Be Over, but the War Has Just Begun." McGill Journal Of Political Studies, December 3, 2018. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/12/03/hong-kong-umbrella-movement/.

Cheng, Angel Oi Yee. "The Controversies of Moral, Civic, and National Education in Hong Kong." Education Policy Talk, April 7, 2014. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://educationpolicytalk.com/2014/04/07/the-controversies-of-moral-civic-and-national-education-in-hong-kong/.

Cheung, Jimmy, and Klaudia Lee. "July 1, 2003: 500,000 take to Hong Kong's streets in protest against proposed national security legislation." South China Morning Post, June 14, 2022. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3178339/july-1-2003-500000-take-hong-kongs-streets-protest-against?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3178339.

Chicago Tribune (pre-1997 Fulltext) (Chicago, Ill.). "Massacre in Tiananmen Square: [NORTH SPORTS FINAL, C Edition]." 1989, 18. https://ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/massacre-tiananmen-square/docview/282659803/se-2?accountid=36788.

"Color Footage of the Founding Ceremony of the People's Republic of China — A Precious Gift from Russia." Global Times, June 3, 2021. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225287.shtml.

Doubleday, Anchor. "Liang Qichao: China's First Democrat." Asia For Educators, 1988. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_democratic.htm.

Duhalde, Marcelo, and Han Huang. "History of Hong Kong protests: riots, rallies and brollies." South China Morning Post. https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3016815/hong-kong-protest-city/index.html.

Gardner, Hall. "CHINA AND THE WORLD after TIANANMEN SQUARE." SAIS Review (1989-2003) 10, no. 1 (1990): 133-47. http://www.jstor.org.ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/45345389.

Hay, Jeff, ed. Perspectives on Modern World History -- The Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989.

Kaixi, Wu'er, and Rahima Mahmut. "The World Has Not Learnt the Lessons of the Tiananmen Square Massacre." The Diplomat.

Lee, Francis L. f., Samson Yuen, Gary Tang, and Edmund W. Cheng. "Hong Kong‘s Summer of Uprising." China Review 19, no. 4 (2019): 1-32. https://www-jstor-org.ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/26838911.

McCann, Daryl. "Democracy Wall, Beijing, 1979." Quadrant Online, April 1, 2012. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2012/04/democracy-wall-beijing-1979/.

Perry, Elizabeth J. Popular Protest in China: Playing by the Rules. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/30827732/Playing_by_the_Rules.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y.

The Principle of Democracy (1924), 1924. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/sun_yatsen_democracy.pdf.

Regan, Michael D. "Thousands protest missing booksellers in Hong Kong." PBS News Weekend, January 10, 2016. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/thousands-protest-missing-booksellers-in-hong-kong.

Rowen, Henry S. "The Short March: China's Road to Democracy." The National Interest, no. 45 (1996): 61-70. http://www.jstor.org.ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/42895114.

Sarotte, M.e. "China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example." International Security 37, no. 2 (2012): 156-82. http://www.jstor.org.ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/23280417.

Tang, Riann. "What you need to know about the anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China." ABC News, July 1, 2018. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://abcnews.go.com/International/China/anniversary-hong-kongs-return-china/story?id=56229613.

Teon, Aris. "The Chinese Revolution of 1911 – The Founding of the Republic of China." The Greater China Journal, March 18, 2016. https://china-journal.org/2016/03/18/chinese-revolution-1911-founding-republic-of-china/.

Tweed, David. "Hong Kong Legislature Antics Highlight Challenge Facing China." Bloomberg, October 12, 2016. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-12/hong-kong-legislature-antics-highlight-challenge-facing-china?leadSource=uverify%20wall.

Wion News (Hong Kong). "Timeline of Hong Kong's struggle against Chinese hegemony." June 30, 2020. https://www.wionews.com/photos/hong-kong-protests-china-timeline-of-hong-kongs-struggle-against-chinese-hegemony-309674#2003-first-security-law-attempt-309667.

Wordie, Jason. "What sparked Hong Kong's Double Tenth riots." South China Morning Post, October 7, 2016. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2025663/what-sparked-hong-kongs-double-tenth-riots.

Wright, Teresa. "The China Democracy Party and the Politics of Protest in the 1980s-1990s." The China Quarterly, no. 172 (2002): 906-26. http://www.jstor.org.ehslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/4618811.